EXHIBIT 99.02

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Resurrecting Dr. Edward Jenner’s 1796 Horsepox Vaccine to Protect Against Mpox and Smallpox UT Southwestern Microbiology Department Seminar Seth Leder man, M.D. March 11, 2025 Version P06050 March 11, 2025 (Doc 1566)

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Cautionary Note on Forward - Looking Statements Certain statements in this presentation regarding strategic plans, expectations and objectives for future operations or results are “forward - looking statements” as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified by the use of forward - looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “forecast,” “estimate” and “intend,” among others. These forward - looking statements are based on Tonix’s current expectations and actual results could differ materially. There are a number of factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward - looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the risks related to failure to obtain FDA clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDA regulations; delays and uncertainties caused by the global COVID - 19 pandemic; risks related to the timing and progress of clinical development of our product candidates; our need for additional financing; uncertainties of patent protection and litigation; uncertainties of government or third party payor reimbursement; limited research and development efforts and dependence upon third parties; and substantial competition. As with any pharmaceutical under development, there are significant risks in the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of new products. The forward - looking statements in this presentation are made as of the date of this presentation, even if subsequently made available by Tonix on its website or otherwise. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward - looking statement, except as required by law. Investors should read the risk factors set forth in the Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the year ended December 31, 202 3 , as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 1 , 202 4 , and periodic reports and current reports filed with the SEC on or after the date thereof. All of Tonix's forward - looking statements are expressly qualified by all such risk factors and other cautionary statements.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 4 In 1798, Edward Jenner Described Vaccination with the “Virus” that Causes Cow Pox for Preventing Smallpox Jenner, E. (1798) “ The Inquiry ” • Full title: “An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae , a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox” Cow Pox was a mild illness in humans that provided protection (later known as immunity ) • “Cowpox” was the name of a disease in cows that could transfer to humans and cause sores Jenner predicted eradication of smallpox • In 1801, Jenner wrote "the annihilation of the smallpox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.“ Mpox benefit • When vaccination for smallpox was widely practiced, mpox was kept out of the human population

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Two Vaccines FDA - Approved for Smallpox and Mpox Both are derived from Jenner’s Vaccine from >200 years ago ACAM2000 (live - virus vaccine) - Emergent • Replicating - based on a clone of live - virus vaccinia ( Dryvax ®) • Single - dose • Provides durable protection – years or decades • Tolerability concerns (myocarditis, pericarditis) limit widespread use 1 Jynneos ® (MVA) – Bavarian Nordic • Non - replicating – derived from passage in bird cells • 2 - dose regimen • Durability of neutralization antibody titers being studied 2,3 • Efficacy concerns in vaccination campaigns for mpox (relating to drop - outs) Relative to historical accounts of Jenner’s original vaccine : • ACAM2000 appears have become more virulent • MVA requires two doses and questions have been raised about durability of protection 1 Engler RJM,, et al. (2015) A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Myocarditis/Pericarditis and New Onset Cardiac Symptoms following Smallpox and Influenza Vaccination. PLoS ONE 10(3) 2 Zaeck LM, Nat Med. 2023 29(1):270 - 278. doi : 10.1038/s41591 - 022 - 02090 3 Berens - Riha N, et al. Euro Surveill . 2022 27(48):2200894. doi : 10.2807/1560 - 7917.ES.2022.27.48.2200894. 5

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Live Virus Smallpox Vaccines in the National Stockpile Are Derived From the NYCBH Strain 6 Propagation of Jenner’s vaccinia in cows rapidly increases genetic diversity and results in many strains with varying properties 1,2 1800s WHO selects the NYCBH strain and 3 others for its eradication campaign, leading to a decrease in vaccine genetic diversity 3 1967 Dryvax Dryvax, a vaccine swarm based on the NYCBH strain, is stockpiled in the US 4 1995 ACAM2000 ACAM2000, a single virus selected from the Dryvax swarm, replaces Dryvax in the national stockpile 4,5 2008 Genetic diversity of vaccine stocks 1 Noyce RS, et al. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0188453. 2 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Accessed July 15, 2021. https://www.historyofvaccines.org 3 Qin L, et al. J Virol. 2015;89(3):1809 - 1824. 4 Nalca A, et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2010;4:71 - 79. 5 Monath TP, et al. Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8 Suppl 2:S31 - S44.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Passage or Zoonosis Leads to Genomic Deletions and New Host Range 1,2 7 Passage Species jumping Modern vaccinia (ACAM2000 ® , approved) Passage MVA (Jynneos ® , approved) ITR deletions Extensive deletions Host range Passage is a primitive tool to induce deletions and mutations with the goal of attenuating the virus (lower virulence, favorable host range) 1 Jacobs BL, et al. Antiviral Res. 2009;84(1):1 - 13. 2 Belongia EA, et al. Clin Med Res. 2003;1(2):87 - 92. Host range

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Mpox and Smallpox Reports by U.S. Agencies & Institutions Multiple recent statements by U.S. Agencies warning about smallpox and monkeypox 1 - 6 U.S. National Academy of Sciences Consensus Report (March, 2024) 6 ‒ “Additionally, safer, single - dose vaccines and a diverse set of therapeutic options against smallpox would improve the U.S. readiness and response posture for immediate containment and long - term protection in a smallpox emergency. ‒ “Smallpox vaccines that have improved safety across different population subgroups and are available as a single dose would support faster and more effective response to contain smallpox and other orthopoxvirus outbreaks. The development of novel smallpox vaccines using multi - vaccine platforms (i.e., use common vaccine vectors, manufacturing ingredients, and processes) would improve the capacity for rapid vaccine production in response to a smallpox event and reduce the need for stockpiling in the SNS at current levels. ‒ “Given the lack of commercially available orthopoxvirus diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, planning for logistics and supply chain management considerations is critical. Efforts could give consideration to developing plans to increase the number of smallpox vaccine and therapeutics manufacturers as well as optimizing current manufacturing capacities should they be needed in the shorter term.” 1 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming Our Capabilities. September 2021 2 National Biodefense Science Board (NBSB). Prioritization of Product Attribute Categories to Maximize Access for Next Generati on COVID - 19 Vaccines and Therapeutics. August 2023 3 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). American Pandemic Preparedness: Transforming Our Capabilities. September 2021 4 National Biodefense Science Board (NBSB). Prioritization of Product Attribute Categories to Maximize Access for Next Generati on COVID - 19 Vaccines and Therapeutics. August 2023 5 BARDA Strategic Plan 2022 - 2026. 6 U.S. National Academy of Sciences. March 28, 2024. “Consensus Study Report: Future State of Smallpox Medical Countermeasures. ” https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27652/future - state - of - smallpox - medical - countermeasures 9

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Mpox Outbreak 2022 - 23: Clade IIb: WHO Public Health Emergency Global Health Concern (PHEIC) 10 Risk of Spread and Lethality of Clade IIb • Case Fatality Rate (CFR): 0.1% to 3.6%  Lower compared to Clade I • Primarily spread through sexual contact among gay men outside Africa • Rapid and significant spread beyond endemic regions  Over 90,000 cases reported in more than 100 countries by the end of 2022 • Systemic symptoms and rash leading to medical interventions in up to 40% of cases Sources: WHO, European CDC, US CDC, and Ministries of Health 2022 U.S. Map and Case Count | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC WHO = World Health Organization FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Cases: 95,912; 92,982 were in locations that have not historically reported Mpox Total Location: 118; 111 has not historically reported Mpox

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. New Clade Ib Mpox Declared PHEIC* by WHO** in August 2024 and Reaffirmed in February 2025 Clade Ib - first wave in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) • Spreads in households • Affects children Additional emerging mutation • Potentially lower mortality • H eterosexual transmission primarily in adults 2024 mpox epidemic in DRC has led to >20,000 cases by mid - August • Spread to 12 countries in Africa, recently includes Kenya Cases of Clade Ib in US occuring and many other countries outside of Africa 1 Zaeck LM, Nat Med. 2023 29(1):270 - 278. doi : 10.1038/s41591 - 022 - 02090 2 Berens - Riha N, et al. Euro Surveill . 2022 27(48):2200894. doi : 10.2807/1560 - 7917.ES.2022.27.48.2200894. 3 August 30, 2024. Reuters. “US FDA approves Emergent's smallpox vaccine for people at high risk of mpox”. https://www.msn.com/en - us/health/other/us - fda - approves - emergent - s - smallpox - vaccine - for - people - at - high - risk - of - mpox/ 11 *Public Health Emergency of International Concern **WHO = World Health Organization ***FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Non - replicating MVA Requires Two Doses: Drop - off in Protection from Mpox With Only One Dose 12 ACIP Oct 25, 2023 U.S. Mpox Vaccine Coverage in High - Risk Groups (CDC) 1 - dose: 38.8% 2 - dose: 24.3% 37% Drop Out

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Jenner was not Just “a Country Doctor” Linnean Society member (1788) and Royal Society 1 fellow (1789) - PRIOR to Vaccination Jenner was the first and favorite student of John Hunter (1728 - 1793) − Hunter ran a private “medical school” in London • Surgeon / anatomist / variolator – Product of “The Scottish Enlightenment” ‒ Grave robber / Body Snatcher ‒ Hunter’s school was based in his house in Leicester Square • Model for Robert Louis Stevenson’s “ Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (1886) ‒ Two separate entrances — one leading to his residence and the other to his dissecting rooms and museum Jenner was involved in a semi - systematic search for improved “material” for “variolation” (inoculation with live smallpox) − Jenner was neither passive, nor “lucky” – he tried more than once − Jenner was one of several contemporaries who were searching among variola lesions and animal “sores” for improved variolation technology • Variola innovators: Thomas Dimsdale, John Hunter (Jenner’s mentor), Jan Ingenhousz (who also discovered photosynthesis) • Other “cowpox” observers: Giovanni Maria Lancisi , John Fewster 2 , Peter Plett, Benjamin Jesty , etc. • Related technologies: Pearl Pox, which caused “Milkers Nodules” – may have been parapoxvirus − Jenner’s “laboratory” was a community with periodic outbreaks of smallpox, cowpox and horsepox 13 1 Corresponded with Sir Joseph Banks, who became President of the Royal Society in 1778 2 Fewster, John (1765). Cow Pox and Its Ability to Prevent Smallpox (Medical Society of London, unpublished paper)

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. • Jenner "vaccinated” healthy individuals with material from the lesions, which he called “vaccine” (from vacca , Latin for “cow”) • The p ustule matter from “cow pox” sores on a milkmaid’s hands; conferred protection against future challenges with smallpox virus inoculation • Jenner suspected that the agent (“infectious principle”) causing cow pox, which he called vaccinia originated in horses and had been transferred from horses to cows’ udders by the hands of farriers Edward Jenner Successfully Used Vaccination to Protect Against Smallpox 14 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Accessed July 15, 2021. https:/ /w w w.historyofvaccines.org

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Jenner "vaccinated” healthy individuals with “vaccine” • F rom vacca , Latin for “cow” The material from “cow pox” sores conferred protection against smallpox virus • Originally came from a milkmaid’s hands; Jenner suspected that the virus originated in horses • He observed that the virus had been transferred from horses to cows’ udders by the hands of farriers Edward Jenner Successfully Used Vaccination to Protect Against Smallpox : Virus came from Horses 15 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Accessed July 15, 2021. https:/ /w w w.historyofvaccines.org

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. First Live Virus Vaccine: Edward Jenner’s Inquiry 1 (1798) – 1/2 “There is a disease to which the Horse from his state of domestication is frequently subject. The Farriers have termed it the Grease . It is an inflammation and swelling in the heel, from which issues matter 2 possessing properties of a very peculiar kind, which seems capable of generating a disease in the Human Body (after it has undergone the modification 3 I shall presently speak of), which bears so strong a resemblance to the Small Pox, that I think it highly probable it may be the source of that disease.” 1 Jenner, E. “An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae , a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox (p 2 - 3.) 2 Vaccine virus 3 Passage in cows 16

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. First Live Virus Vaccine: Edward Jenner’s Inquiry 1 (1798) – 2/2 1 Jenner, E. “An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae , a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox (p 3.) “In this Dairy Country a great number of Cows are kept, and the office of milking is performed indiscriminately by Men and Maid Servants. One of the former having been appointed to apply dressings to the heels of a Horse affected with the Grease , and not paying due attention to cleanliness, incautiously bears his part in milking the Cows, with some particles of the infectious matter adhering to his fingers. When this is the case, it commonly happens that a disease is communicated to the Cows, and from the Cows to the Dairy - maids, which spreads through the farm until most of the cattle and domestics feel its unpleasant consequences. The disease has obtained the name of the Cow Pox .” 17

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Loy’s “ Account of some experiments 1 (1801) “This fact induces me to suspect, that two kinds of Grease exist, differing from each other in the power of giving disease to the human or brute animal: and there is another circumstance which renders this supposition probable. The horses that communicated the infection to their dressers, were affected with a general, as well as a topical, disease. The animals, at the commencement of their disease, were evidently in a feverish state, from which they were relived as soon as the complaint appeared at their heels, and an eruption upon their skin. The horse , too, from whom the infectious matter was procured for inoculation, had a considerable indisposition, previous to the disease at his heels, which was attended, as in the others, with an eruption over the greatest part of his body: but those that did not communicate the diseases at all, had a local affection only.” 1 Loy JG. An account of some experiments on the origin of the cow - pox: Whitby; 1801. (p 20 - 21.) 18

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Equination 1 : Use of Smallpox Vaccines Directly from Horse Lesions (Without Passage Through Cows) Both Jenner and Loy used vaccine from horses; subsequently “ Equination ” was used in Europe in parallel with “vaccination” − Jenner believed that his “cowpox” or “vaccinia” came from horses with “Grease” Horsepox isolated from a sick horse in Mongolia in 1976 − Like many other poxviruses, natural host is likely rodents (mice or voles) − No cases reported in >30 years, some believe it to be extinct; eliminated through improved animal husbandry 1 Esparza J, Schrick L, Damaso CR, Nitsche A. Equination (inoculation of horsepox): An early alternative to vaccination (inoculation of cowpox) and the potential role of horsepox vir us in the origin of the smallpox vaccine. Vaccine . 2017 Dec 19;35(52):7222 - 7230. doi : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.003. Epub 2017 Nov 11. Review. PMID:29137821 19

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2006 Sequence and Analysis of the Horsepox Genome 1 20 “ It is likely that a once naturally circulating but now rare VACV - like virus(s) from which current strains are derived was introduced as a vaccine virus, and the agent of horsepox has been surmised as a likely candidate ( Baxby , D 1981 2 ). Indeed, apparently Edward Jenner believed that his vaccine originated from the “grease” infection found in the heels of horses , and the use of horse - derived material for use as vaccines is documented ( Baxby , ibid. , Fenner F, 1989 3 ). ” 1 Tulman ER, et al. 2006. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol 80:9244 – 9258 . 2 Baxby , D. 1981. Jenner’s smallpox vaccine: the riddle of vaccinia virus and its origin. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London, Uni ted Kingdom. 3 Fenner , F., R. Wittek , and K. Dumbell . 1989. The orthopoxviruses . Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 2015 Genetic Analysis of Vaccinia Vaccines: Horsepox - like Virus Ancestor? 1 21 “The biological origin of VACV is uncertain, although it has been suggested that a horsepox - like virus was an ancestor, even though a surviving horsepox virus (HPXV) genome harbors many extra genes ( Tulman ER, 2006 2 ). This hypothesis is supported by Jenner’s report that he obtained his later inocula from an infection in horses called “grease” ( Baxby D, 1977 3 )” 1 Qin, L., Favis , N., Famulski , J. & Evans, D. H. Evolution of and evolutionary relationships between extant vaccinia virus strains. J. Virol . 89 , 1809 – 1824 (2015) 2 Tulman ER, et al. 2006. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol 80:9244 – 9258 . 3 Baxby D. 1977. The origins of vaccinia virus. J Infect Dis 136:453 – 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/136.3.453.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. David Evans: Speciation and Gene Loss in Vaccinia Evans, “…the process of speciation appears to be associated with gene loss.” 1 − “ Relationship between DPP25 and horsepox virus. An important aspect of poxvirus evolutionary modeling concerns the hypothesis that as viruses spread into new biological niches, the process of speciation appears to be associated with gene loss (3). If this is true, then the simplest evolutionary scheme would involve a DPP25 - like virus evolving from an even larger virus. Horsepox virus (HPXV) is the largest known example of what is still clearly a vaccinia virus, if one defines this assignment based upon a relationship supported by phylogenetic trees, and perhaps retains some resemblance to a hypothetical common ancestor . 22 1 Qin, L., Favis , N., Famulski , J. & Evans, D. H. Evolution of and evolutionary relationships between extant vaccinia virus strains. J. Virol . 89 , 1809 – 1824 (2015 )

23 Relationship to Smallpox Incidence and Eradication Proposed Evolution of Vaccinia Vaccines TIME *Rough approximation (not data derived) 1977 Eradication SMALLPOX CASES IN US/EUROPE* ACAM2000 1798 1902 1931 2007 Dryvax ® swarm Mulford Vaccine Jenner’s Vaccine (Horsepox - like) Clonal Diversity 23

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Synthesis of Horsepox (HPXV, TNX - 801) 2018 1 24 1 Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. PLoS One . 2018 Jan 19;13(1):e0188453. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0188453. PMID: 29351298; PMCID: PMC5774680.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Genome Assembly (212 kbp ): TNX - 801 Core Genome i s Based on HPXV Strain MNR - 76 1,2 25 Sequence: GenBank entry DQ792504; DNA: GeneArt 1 Noyce, RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(1): e0188453 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188453 2 Tulman ER, et al. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol ; 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 (Live HPXV for Percutaneous Administration) 26 Vaccine based on sequence of isolated horsepox (HPXV) clone 1 − Synthesized 2 since 1976 isolate was not available outside of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) − No new gene elements − Coding sequence identical to HPXV Small plaque size in culture − Appears identical to U.S. CDC publication of 1976 horsepox isolate 3 Question: will “horsepox” perform as a vaccine similar to “Jenner’s vaccinia” and 20 th Century vaccinia vaccines? − Need to evaluate tolerability and activity in animal models 1 Tulman ER, et al. J Virol . 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 2 Noyce RS, et al.. PLoS One . 2018 Jan 19;13(1):e0188453 3 Trindade GS , et al. Viruses 2016 Dec 10;8(12). pii : E328. PMID:27973399 PMCID: 10.3390/v8120328

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Vaccination with TNX - 801 ( r HPXV ): Immunity with Low Reactogenicity ( i.e. , Better Tolerability) 27 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 Days post - infection Survival (%) TNX - 801 + LD of VACV Dryvax + LD of VACV LD of VACV 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 15 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 Days post - infection Difference in weights (%) TNX - 801 Dryvax 1 Noyce RS, et al.. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments. PLoS One . 2018 Jan 19;13(1):e0188453. Efficacy and safety of TNX - 801 compared to Dryvax (“circa 1960 vaccinia” strain) 1 : − Mice (5 per group) infected with Dryvax lost up to 15% of their body weight because of illness induced by the vaccine, but mice infected with TNX - 801 did not experience any weight loss or illness − TNX - 801 protected mice from a lethal dose (LD) of vaccinia (VACV), like Dryvax − TNX - 801 may be safer (less reactogenic) than “circa 1960 Vaccinia” vaccines without sacrificing immune protection (efficacy)

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Evolution of the Vaccinia Genome 29 Recent studies (particularly from José Esparza & colleagues ) demonstrate that horsepox and horsepox - like viruses were used as smallpox vaccines in the 1800s 1 - 3 HPXV or HPXV - like Jenner’s vaccinia (cause of “ gease ” and “cowpox”) 1902 Mulford vaccine circa 1960 vaccinia The 1902 Mulford vaccine is similar to both horsepox (99.7% similar core sequence) and vaccinia ( similar ITR deletions ) Selected for WHO Eradication Intensification Program (1967) Civil War - era vaccines are genetically diverse, with some strains having 1 or both ITRs intact One recently identified strain, VK05, was found to be 99.7% similar to HPXV across the whole genome 1 Schrick L, et al. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1491 - 1492 2 Duggan AT, et al. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):175. 2 Brinkmann A, et al. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):286.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Horsepox: Relationship to Jenner’s Vaccinia Horsepox environmental isolate sequenced in 2006 shares a common ancestor with vaccinia and could be considered a strain of vaccinia − Similar to cowpox with “intact” inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) – could be considered a primordial strain of vaccinia − TNX - 801 has strong homology in core with Mulford 1902 vaccinee 1 − TNX - 801 has 99.7% colinear identity with “ circa 1860 vaccinia ” smallpox vaccine VK05, including the LTRs/ITRs that contain host control elements 2,3 Genetic analysis of early vaccines indicates that “horsepox” is closely related to Edward Jenner’s vaccinia from 1796 − Strong evidence linking a horsepox - like virus as progenitor to circa 1960 vaccinia − circa 1960 “vaccinia” evolved during the 220 years it was propagated by primitive methods – Propagated for over 120 years before “viruses” were characterized − Selected for reactogenicity and growth (replication) 1 Schrick, L. et al An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1491 2 Tulman ER, et al. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol ; 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 3 Brinkmann A et al, Genome Biol ogy 2020 ; 21:286 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059 - 020 - 02202 - 0 30

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Deduced Relationship of Horsepox with “Jenner’s Vaccinia” and “circa 1960 Vaccinia” Vaccines 1976 Mongolian Field Isolate 2 Arm - to - arm Molecular Biology “Vaccine Farms” Cow production started ~1875: Selection for Growth, Reactivity or Increased Virulence Deletions TNX - 801 Less virulent than 20 th Century Vaccinia “circa 1960 Vaccinia” More virulent than horsepox Horsepox Progenitor 1860 US Civil War Vaccine VK05 3,4 “Jenner’s Vaccinia” 1 Schrick, L. et al An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1491 2 Tulman ER, et al. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol ; 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 3 Duggan AT, et al. Genome Biol. 2020;21(1):175. 4 Brinkmann A et al, Genome Biol ogy 2020 ; 21:286 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059 - 020 - 02202 - 0 31

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 (Live HPXV for Percutaneous Administration) 32 Vaccine based on sequence of isolated horsepox (HPXV) clone 1 − Synthesized 2 since 1976 isolate was not available outside of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) − No new gene elements − Coding sequence identical to HPXV Small plaque size in culture − Appears identical to U.S. CDC publication of 1976 horsepox isolate 3 Question: will “horsepox” perform as a vaccine similar to “Jenner’s vaccinia”? − Need to evaluate tolerability and activity in animal models 1 Tulman ER, et al. J Virol . 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 2 Noyce RS, et al.. PLoS One . 2018 Jan 19;13(1):e0188453 3 Trindade GS , et al. Viruses 2016 Dec 10;8(12). pii : E328. PMID:27973399 PMCID: 10.3390/v8120328

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 Immunogenicity and Efficacy in NHPs - 2023 33 Noyce RS, et al. Viruses . 2023 Jan 26;15(2):356. doi : 10.3390/v15020356. PMID: 36851570; PMCID: PMC9965234.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Survival: 100% of TNX - 801 Vaccinated NHPs Survived Lethal MPXV Clade 1 Intratracheal Challenge 34 No deaths in TNX - 801 vaccinated groups Noyce et al . Viruses. 2023 Jan 26;15(2):356.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 Vaccination/MPXV Clade 1 Challenge: No Lesions Were Observed After TNX - 801 Vaccination 35 TNX - 801 (High Dose) TNX - 801 (Low Dose) rVACV Mock Noyce et al . Viruses. 2023 Jan 26;15(2):356.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 Vaccination: Minimal MPXV Virus Shedding 36 TNX - 801 (High Dose) TNX - 801 (Low Dose) rVACV Mock Potential to Reduce Forward Transmission Noyce et al . Viruses. 2023 Jan 26;15(2):356.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Conclusions from NHP MPXV Challenge Study 37 A single dose of TNX - 801 (horsepox) vaccination was well tolerated ‒ No severe adverse events ‒ Tolerability compares favorably to ACAM2000 – recently approved by US FDA for mpox 1 TNX - 801 vaccination via traditional route (scarification) was immunogenic (“take”) All NHPs (TNX - 801 and rVACV vaccinated) survived lethal challenge No clinical disease was observed (lesions) Provided strong protection against virus shedding, viremia, and weight loss ‒ Activity compares favorably to MVA (non - replicating) 2 vaccinia or recent mRNA vaccine 3 1 August 30, 2024. Reuters. “US FDA approves Emergent's smallpox vaccine for people at high risk of mpox”. https://www.msn.com/en - us/health/other/us - fda - approves - emergent - s - smallpox - vaccine - for - people - at - high - risk - of - mpox/ 2 Zaeck LM, et al. Low levels of monkeypox virus - neutralizing antibodies after MVA - BN vaccination in healthy individuals. Nat Med. 2023 Jan;29(1):270 - 278. doi : 10.1038/s41591 - 022 - 02090 - w. Epub 2022 Oct 18. PMID: 36257333; PMCID: PMC9873555. 3 Mucker E et al., Comparison of protection against mpox following mRNA or modified vaccinia Ankara vaccination in nonhuman pri mat es, Cell (2024), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.043

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 in Primary Cell Lines and Immunocompromised Mice – 2024 ( mSphere ) 38 Trefry SV, et al. mSphere . 2024 Dec 19;9(12):e0026524. doi : 10.1128/msphere.00265 - 24. Epub 2024 Nov 13. PMID: 39535212; PMCID: PMC11656774.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 has Reduced Virulence Relative to “circa 1960 Vaccinia” 39 Comparisons in vitro: 1) Plaque phenotype: VACV (  3 - 4 mm) vs. TNX - 801 (  1 - 2 mm) 2) Multi - step growth kinetics: ▪ Immortalized cell lines: TNX - 801  10 - to 1 00 - fold less virulent ▪ Human primary cell lines: TNX - 801  10 - to 100 - fold less virulent Comparisons in vivo : 1) Assessed TNX - 801 attenuation in immunocompromised murine models (C57BL/6 ifnar - / - and C57BL/6 ifnar - / - / ifngr - / - ) : ▪ TNX - 801 is >100 - to 1,000 - fold less virulent than VACV strains ▪ TNX - 801 is indistinguishable from mock treated animals in immunocompromised model

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 Lacks Lethality Associated With Older Smallpox Vaccine Strains (Lister, NYC Board of health) in Double KO IFN - α R - / - and IFN - γ R - / - Mice 41 IND strain was deposited by the US Army in 1963 Farooq Nasar et al, Tonix unpublished data (1 of 2)

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 Lacks Lethality Associated With Older Smallpox Vaccine Strains (Lister, NYC Board of health) in Double KO IFN - α R - / - and IFN - γ R - / - Mice 42 IND strain was deposited by the US Army in 1963 Farooq Nasar et al, Tonix unpublished data *p <0.0001 *p <0.01 (2 of 2)

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. High Dose TNX - 801 is Unable to Cause Disseminated Infection in Double KO IFN - α R - / - and IFN - γ R - / - Mice 43 IND strain was deposited by the US Army in 1963

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. 16 Modern Cowpox and Vaccinia Are Endemic in the Environment Worldwide 46 Modern cowpox and vaccinia are environmentally endemic and are able to infect many animal hosts They are found widely distributed in important agricultural species and companion animals Modern Cowpox Modern Vaccinia Distribution and host range Silva NIO, et al. Viruses. 2020;13(1):43.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Commercial Applications of Licensed Recombinant Poxvirus - Based Vaccines 47 1 Taylor J, et al. Avian Dis. 1996;40(1):173 - 180. 2 The Poultry Site. March 14, 2005. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2005/03/merial - launches - new - h5n1 - av ian - influenza - vaccine - provides - new - hope - for - avian - flu - epidemic 3 Boehringer Ingelheim. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://www.boehringer - ingelheim.com/animal - health/companion - animals - products/purev ax 4 Larson LJ, et al. Vet Ther. 2007;8(2):101 - 106. • Newcastle disease virus (NDV) TROVAC ( recombinant fowlpox ) • Avian influenza (AIV) TROVAC ( recombinant fowlpox ) (H5N9 and H5N1) Agriculture 1,2 • Recombinant canarypox rabies vaccine (ALVAC - RG) and feline leukemia (ALVAC - FeLV) Cats 3 • RECOMBITEK ® C4 recombinant canarypox vector expressing the HA and F glycoproteins of canine distemper virus; modified live adenovirus type 2, parainfluenza virus, and parvovirus Dogs 4

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Approved Recombinant Poxvirus - Based Commercial Products 1 - 3 48 Doses released to environment Host restricted? Poxvirus vector Location Application / disease Product 2 billion (as of 2006) No Replication competent TROVAC - AIV H5N1 Mexico, Central America Agriculture/avian influenza TROVAC - AIV H5N1 Boehringer Ingelheim Unknown Yes Replication incompetent ALVAC - FeLV Gag/Pol US, others Companion animals (cats)/FeLV Purevax FeLV Boehringer Ingelheim Unknown Yes Replication incompetent ALVAC - RG US, others Companion animals (cats)/rabies Purevax Rabies Boehringer Ingelheim Unknown Yes Replication incompetent ALVAC - HA, F US, others Companion animals (dogs)/canine distemper Recombitek Boehringer Ingelheim 250 million doses 5 million doses/year No Replication competent Vaccinia Copenhagen RG US, Europe, Israel Wildlife control of rabies Raboral V - RG Rabisin Boehringer Ingelheim 1 Boehringer Ingelheim. Accessed July 15, 2021. https://www.boehringer - ingelheim.com/animal - health/products 2 Bublot M, Pritchard N, Swayne DE, et al. Development and use of fowlpox vectored vaccines for avian influenza. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 2006;1081:193 - 201. 3 Maki J, Guiot AL, Aubert M, et al. Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia - rabies - glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V - RG ® ): a global review. Vet Res . 2017;48(1):57.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Environmental Distribution: Vaccinia Released Aerially as Rabies Vaccine 49 RABORAL V - RG ® is an oral vaccine based on vaccinia – rabies - glycoprotein recombinant virus used to prevent the spread of rabies among wildlife populations 1 - 3,* − RABORAL has been in continuous use since 1987 − Approximately 250 million doses in the form of animal baits have been aerially distributed across Europe, Israel, Canada, and the US at a rate of about 5 million baits per year − Species targeted include skunks, racoons, foxes, and coyotes − Jordona Kirby, the rabies field coordinator for the USDA's National Rabies Management Program was interviewed about dropping Raboral out of low - flying planes and helicopters to control rabies in the East Coast of the US 4 * A registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 1 Raboral V - RG ® . Accessed July 9, 2021. https://www.raboral.com/about - rabies/raboral - v - rg 2 Kieny MP, et al. Nature. 1984;312(5990):163 - 166. 3 Maki J, et al. Vet Res. 2017;48(1):57. 4 Science Friday : NPR Sept 30, 2022 NPR’s program “Science Friday” at 30:02 in the podcast www.npr.org/podcasts/583350334/science - friday

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Illustrative Safety Spectrum Of Pox - based Vaccine Vectors Optimizing Live Virus Vaccines 50 ~1 death per million ~10 deaths per million 20 th Century smallpox vaccines Dryvax Lister TianTan Copenhagen Tashkent MVA Canarypox Fowlpox Minimally Replicating Live horsepox, Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine ( RPV platform ) Robustly replicating Minimally - replicating Non - replicating Replicative Capacity Single - dose Single - dose Two # - of doses decades long waning Durability of protection robust robust Poor Transgene expression Non - replicating vaccines Tolerability Reactogenicity

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Horsepox Protection and Tolerability in Animals Potentially Decouples Protective Immunity from Reactogenicity Conventional view holds that reactogenicity correlates with protection Protective immunity is not necessarily related to reactogenicity − Reactogenicity was a basis for testing vaccine activity prior to the understanding that vaccinia was a virus “Real World Evidence” supports efficacy of horsepox - like vaccines − Effectiveness of archaic vaccines (from the 1800’s) support the belief that horsepox will be protective against smallpox − Historical evidence that horsepox - like vaccines prevented forward transmission 1 Schrick, L. et al An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1491 2 Tulman ER, et al. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol ; 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 3 Brinkmann A et al, Genome Biol ogy 2020 ; 21:286 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059 - 020 - 02202 - 0 51

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Horsepox: More (Regulatory) Genes Confer Tolerability For “20 th Century vaccinia vaccines”, the process of “Passage” through cows or birds was a primitive form of genetic engineering − “Passage” through cows resulted in gene deletions that may have increased virulence relative to “circa 1860 vaccinia” (circa 1960 “vaccinia” deleted regulatory genes) − MVA: “Passage through birds resulted in extensive gene deletions that decreased replication in humans (“non - replicating”) Horsepox data: More Genes may be better than Fewer Genes − Horsepox appears to have preserved regulatory genes that confer tolerability, while preserving immune protection 1 Schrick, L. et al An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1491 2 Tulman ER, et al. Genome of horsepox virus. J Virol ; 2006 80(18):9244 - 58.PMID:16940536 3 Brinkmann A et al, Genome Biol ogy 2020 ; 21:286 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059 - 020 - 02202 - 0 52

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Live Virus Vaccine Platform: Recombinant Pox Vaccine (RPV) Platform 53 Monkeypox and Smallpox Future Pandemics & New Infectious Diseases (“Hard Targets”) COVID - 19 Biodefense Using Proven Science To Address Challenging Disease States, We Have Created A Programmable Technology Platform Aimed At Combating Future Threats To Public Health Vaccinia Horsepox ANTIGEN CODING Oncology RPV VECTOR BELIEVED SIMILAR TO EDWARD JENNER’S VACCINE 1 - 3 1 Shrick, L. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1491 - 1492. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1707600 2 Esparza, J. Vaccine . 2020 Jun 19; 38(30): 4773 – 4779. doi : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037 3 Brinkmann, A. Genome Biol . 2020; 21: 286. doi : 10.1186/s13059 - 020 - 02202 - 0

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 1800 (SARS - CoV - 2 spike – Expressing HPXV) Immunogenicity in Hamsters and Rabbits - 2023 54 Awasthi M, et al. Viruses . 2023 Oct 21;15(10):2131. doi : 10.3390/v15102131. PMID: 37896908; PMCID: PMC10612059.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Recombinant SARS - CoV - 2 Vaccine Generation (TNX - 1800* Expresses Spike) 55 Development of HPXV as a recombinant Delivery Vector Platform Central General Region 36Kp - 146Kbp Left Terminal Region 60Kbp Right Terminal Region 147 - 212 kbp Essential Viral Genes Non - Essential Viral Genes L - ITR Non - Essential Viral Genes R - ITR HPXV Genes 001 - 062 HPXV Genes 063 - 145 HPXV Genes 146 - 207 Δ095 (TK) Pox E/L Promotor Right Flanking Arm Left Flanking Arm Recombinant Generation Rescue virus: TNX - 1800 SARS - CoV - 2 WA - 2020 Spike Protein Gene *TNX - 1800 has not been approved for any indication.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 1800 Immunogenicity and Efficacy in NHPs - 2023 56 Awasthi M, et al. Viruses . 2023 Oct 21;15(10):2131. doi : 10.3390/v15102131. PMID: 37896908; PMCID: PMC10612059.

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t T N X - 1 8 0 0 D i l u e n t 0 100 200 300 400 M i c r o n e u t r a l i z a t i o n T i t e r -1 Days Post-Vaccination 7 14/15 21 28/29 41 Immunogenicity: All NHPs in TNX - 1800 Vaccinated Group Had Neutralizing Antibody Response 57 NHPs were vaccinated day 0 and challenged day 41

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Vaccination with TNX - 1800 results in the inhibition of SARS - CoV - 2 Replication in Vaccinated NHPs 58 NHPs were vaccinated day 0 and challenged day 41; “Day 47” is 6 days after challenge

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. TNX - 801 is Potential Vaccine for Mpox and Smallpox Platform to express other viral antigens Animal studies show TNX - 801 protects against mpox − Appears to provide mucosal immunity after percutaneous vaccination (May prevent forward transmission) Single dose efficacy − May elicit durable or long - term protection by stimulating T cell (“cell - mediated”) immunity Potential to manufacture at scale − Low dose because replication amplifies dose in vivo Standard cold chain believed to be sufficient for shipping and storage Jenner’s vaccinia is the oldest vaccine technology – can now be engineered with payload antigens − “Jenner’s vaccinia” and its descendants “circa 1960 Vaccinia” eradicated smallpox − “20 th Century vaccinia” kept mpox out of the human population in Africa − Horsepox and vaccinia express transgenes with high fidelity 59

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Tonix has Capacity and Technology to Develop and Produce TNX - 801 and Other HPXV Vaccines 61 Potential to manufacture at scale − Low dose because replication amplifies dose in vivo Believed will be thermo - stable in ultimate lyophilized formulation R&D Center - Maryland Operational BSL - 3 capable Advanced Manufacturing Center - MA GMP - manufacturing capability* *GMP Suites currently decommissioned

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. “Classical” Technologies for Attenuating Pox Vaccines Deletions by Serial Passage vs Targeted Genomic Modification 1 62 Targeted genomic manipulation ( 1990’s) Systematic deletion of known virulence and host range factors ( e.g., Enzo Paoletti 2 and Virogenetics ) Serial Passage (1970’s) In primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF’s) r esulting in numerous attenuating genomic deletions ( e.g., MVA) 1 Nájera JL, et al. J Virol . 2006 Jun;80(12):6033 - 47. doi : 10.1128/JVI.02108 - 05. PMID: 16731942; PMCID: PMC1472566. 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Enzo_Paoletti

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Interpretation of Evolution and Real - World Evidence to Recreate an Extinct Virus Vaccine: Larger “Model” *This is a conceptual view to illustrate whether these genes are active or not and does not indicate the actual number, size, or location of the genes † Stripes indicate regions among different vaccinia strains that are present in some but absent in others 1. Tulman ER, et al. J Virol . 2006;80(18):9244 - 9258. 2. Schrick L, et al. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1491 - 1492. 3. Dabrowski PW, et al. PLoS One . 2013;8(12):e79953. 4. Tulman ER, et al. J Virol . 2006;80(18):9244 - 9258. 5. Qin L, et al. J Virol . 2015;89(3):1809 - 1824. Known H ost range and virulence gene factors* Cowpox Group Progenitor † Horsepox “ Evolutionary Intermediate” Attenuated replicative capacity; intermediate host range unknown 212Kbp 3 Modern vaccinia Adapted for growth on calves Robust replicative capacity; adapted host range 190Kbp 4 Robust replicative capacity; wide host range 225Kbp 1,2 Known H ost range and virulence gene factors* Evolutionary adaptation from Horizontal Gene Transfer leading to host range restriction Niche adaption from serial passaging in humans and or on calves resulting in enhanced replicative capacity 63

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Recreating an Extinct Vaccine Virus “Evolutionary Intelligence”: Unknown evolutionary pressures resulted in Horsepox − Harnessing the results of large numbers of genetic events: both deletions and reactivations • In the parlance of “AI/Large Language Models” – A very large “model” • A better term may be: “ Evolutionary Design ”? − Not limited by knowledge of: • Functions of many viral genes • Functional interactions/interplay of viral genes Real World Evidence for >200 years includes: − Activity in preventing smallpox − Tolerability in humans − Control of human and animal transmission by hand - washing and modern animal husbandry Selection: Jenner played an ACTIVE role in identifying “cowpox”/”horsepox” as a safer vaccine − Jenner was not just “lucky” – he tried more than once − Jenner was one of several contemporaries who were searching among variola and animal vaccines for improved variolation technology − His “laboratory” was a community with periodic outbreaks of smallpox, cowpox and horsepox 64

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Contributors 65 Tonix Christy Raney Amy Cregger Chase A. Gonzales Brittany Layton Robert Enamorado Nelson Martinez Deborah Gohegan Massoudeh Masoud - Bahamiri Jennifer Cho Dawn Myscofski Tinoush Moulaei Nastasza Ziółkowska Current Addresses 1 University of Pennsylvania 2 IITRI 3 National Toxicology Program (NTP) at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH; Artic Slope Regional C orp . Univ. of Alberta Ryan Noyce David Evans Univ. of Maryland – Institute of Human Virology José Esparza Southern Research Fusataka Koide Landon Westfall 2 Karen Gilbert 3 LINQ Pharma Consulting Onesmo Mpanju Tonix Seth Lederman Sina Bavari Scott Goebel Farooq Nasar Zeil Rosenberg Siobhan Fogarty Mayanka Awasthi Stephanie Trefry Bruce Daugherty Helen Stillwell 1

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Selected Publications 1. Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH. Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragment s. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 19;13(1):e0188453. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0188453. PMID: 29351298; PMCID: PMC5774680. 2. Esparza J, Lederman S, Nitsche A, Damaso CR. Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: Introduction of the " ani mal vaccine" in 1870, establishment of "vaccine farms", and the beginnings of the vaccine industry. Vaccine. 2020 Jun 19;38(30):4 773 - 4779. doi : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037. Epub 2020 May 27. PMID: 32473878; PMCID: PMC7294234. 3. Noyce RS, Westfall LW, Fogarty S, Gilbert K, Mpanju O, Stillwell H, Esparza J, Daugherty B, Koide F, Evans DH, Lederman S. Si ngl e Dose of Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX - 801) Vaccination Protects Macaques from Lethal Monkeypox Challenge. Viruses. 2023 Jan 26;15(2):356. doi : 10.3390/v15020356. PMID: 36851570; PMCID: PMC9965234. 4. Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Myscofski D, Prigge J, Koide F, Noyce RS, Fogarty S, Stillwell H, Goebel SJ, Daugherty B, Nasar F, Bav ari S, Lederman S. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of TNX - 1800, A Live Virus Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, against SARS - CoV - 2 Challenge in Nonhuman Primates. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Nov 2;11(11):1682. doi : 10.3390/vaccines11111682. PMID: 38006014; PMCID: PMC10674175. 5. Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Goebel SJ, Luea E, Noyce RS, Nasar F, Daugherty B, Bavari S, Lederman S. Immunogenicity and Tolerabili ty of a SARS - CoV - 2 TNX - 1800, a Live Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, in Syrian Hamsters and New Zealand White Rabbits. Viruses. 2 023 Oct 21;15(10):2131. doi : 10.3390/v15102131. PMID: 37896908; PMCID: PMC10612059. 6. Trefry SV, Awasthi M, Raney CN, Cregger AL, Gonzales CA, Layton BL, Enamorado RN, Martinez NA, Gohegan DS, Masoud - Bahnamiri M, C ho JY, Myscofski DM, Moulaei T, Ziółkowska NE, Goebel SJ, Lederman S, Bavari S, Nasar F. Recombinant chimeric horsepox virus (TN X - 8 01) is attenuated relative to vaccinia virus strains in both in vitro and in vivo models. mSphere . 2024 Dec 19;9(12):e0026524. doi : 10.1128/msphere.00265 - 24. Epub 2024 Nov 13. PMID: 39535212; PMCID: PMC11656774. 66

© 2025 Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. MPXV clade IIb (MA - 2022) is 10,000 - to 100,000 - fold more attenuated than clade IIa (WR 7 - 61 and US - 2003) 68 *p <0.0001 *p <0.01 Farooq Nasar et al, Tonix unpublished data Double KO IFN - α R - / - and IFN - γ R - / - mice